In this Review we delve into the underlying causes of health disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous
people and provide an Indigenous perspective to understanding these inequalities. We are able to present only a
snapshot of the many research publications about Indigenous health. Our aim is to provide clinicians with a
framework to better understand such matters. Applying this lens, placed in context for each patient, will promote
more culturally appropriate ways to interact with, to assess, and to treat Indigenous peoples. The topics covered
include Indigenous notions of health and identity; mental health and addictions; urbanisation and environmental
stresses; whole health and healing; and reconciliation.