The ANC in Exile

ANC, SACP, MK, ZAPU, PAC, USSR and Tanzania
Collection: 
UKZN-IKS
Creator: 
Stephen Ellis
Date: 
July 1991
Language: 
English
Coverage: 
South Africa
Resource Identifier: 
URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/722941
Resource type: 
Journal article
File Type: 
Picture
Extent: 
10 Pages
Publisher: 
Oxford University Press
Rights Holder: 
Oxford University Press
Source: 
The ANC in Exile

THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS, founded in 1912 as the voice of black South Africans, was banned by law on 30 March 1960, nine days after the infamous Sharpeville massacre and at a time of unprecedented international pressure directed at the racial policies of the government of South Africa. The ANC remained illegal until 2 February 1990, when President De Klerk unbanned it, together with other illegal organizations such as the Pan Africanist Congress and the South African Communist Party, as a bold step in his declared aim of creating a new South Africa through negotiation. We may therefore define the ANC's period in exile as lasting from 1960 to 1990. For most of that period the ANC leadership was based abroad as were many of its most active rank and file members. It is no exaggeration to say that the ANC was in danger of extinction inside South Africa at one point, say from the arrest of the Umkhonto we Sizwe leadership at Rivonia in July 1963 until after the Soweto rising of 1976. For most of that time the ANC was committed to advancing its aims by force of arms through the autonomous organization which later became its military wing, Umkhonto zve Sizzve. It was these conditions which formed the ANC during its exile period. Before giving a brief account of the main developments which affected the ANC during these years, it is perhaps helpful to sketch the previous history of the organization. At its foundation in 1912, the ANC was a rather geilteel organization, established by what were then the pillars of black South African society. These included lawyers and ministers of religion with some Western education as well as traditional chiefs. Its tactics were to lobby and petition on behalf of black people. It was not a mass organization, made no attempt to apply pressure by such tactics as strikes or delmonstrations, and appears to have engaged in little formal activity beyond its annual general meetings. It did not represent the views of white, Indian or so-called 'coloured' South Africans, nor was membership open to them. It llad no ideology beyond a moderate nationalism.

Institutional Licensees and/or Authorized Users may search, view, reproduce, display, download, print, perform, and distribute Licensed Content for the following Permitted Uses, provided they abide by the restrictions in this Section 4, Section 5 and elsewhere in these Terms and Conditions of Use: (a) Research activities; (b) Classroom or organizational instruction and related classroom or organizational activities; (c) Student assignments; (d) As part of a scholarly, cultural, educational or organizational presentation or workshop, if such use conforms to the customary and usual practice in the field; (e) Authors or other Content creators may at their discretion incorporate their Content (other than Books) into unrestricted databases or website with prior permission from the publisher and other applicable rights holders; (f) Linking (g) Data for Research as defined further in Section 14.3 below and for Institutional Licensees and/or Authorized Users other than Register & Read Users: (h) on an ad hoc basis and without commercial gain or in a manner that would substitute for direct access to the Content via services offered by JSTOR, sharing discrete portions of Content for purposes of collaboration, comment, or the scholarly exchange of ideas; (i) Downloading Content (including certain Book chapters where downloading is made available for the Book chapters on the JSTOR Platform) to view, use and display including on a personal digital device (e.g. mobile devices, e-readers, and personal computers); (j) (except for Books) in research papers or dissertations, including reproductions of the dissertations, provided such reproductions are only for personal use, library deposit, and/or use solely within the institution(s) with which the Authorized User and/or his or her faculty readers are affiliated; and (k) Fair use under Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Act, educational exceptions, or other similar provisions of the copyright laws or other intellectual property right laws in the United States. 4.2 The portions of Licensed Content that have been downloaded or printed out by an Authorized User may continue to be used in compliance with these Terms and Conditions even if such license should later terminate or expire. 4.3 Additional Permitted Uses of the Early Journal Content. JSTOR encourages broad use of the Early Journal Content. In addition to all permitted uses described above, users are free to copy, use, and redistribute the Early Journal Content in part or in whole for non-commercial purposes. JSTOR asks that you acknowledge JSTOR as the source of the Early Journal Content; if you use material from JSTOR online, we request that you link directly to the stable URL provided. If you use Early Journal Content offline, we ask that you credit the source as follows: “Courtesy of JSTOR.” Please be considerate of other users and do not use robots or other devices or coordinate activity to systematically download these works as this may be disruptive to our systems.4.4 Use of Open Access Content. Open Access Content may be subject to different terms of use, such as a Creative Commons license, as indicated in the copyright statement for the content. If an Open Access Content item has different terms posted where the content appears, those terms shall have precedence over these Terms and Conditions of Use.
PMoinogu
07/31/2019 - 15:52